Recent quotes:

Placebo and Nocebo in Cardiovascular Health: Implications for Healthcare, Research, and the Doctor-Patient Relationship - ScienceDirect

From the Framingham data, women, with similar risk factors, were 4 times more likely to die if they believed they were prone to heart disease (42). Recent evidence suggests a link between emotions (such as fear or depression), cardiomyopathy, and even death. Tako-tsubo cardiomyopathy, especially prevalent in women, appears related to an adverse intense emotional stressor (43, 44, 45). Nocebo and placebo responses remain confounders that explain much of any therapy’s true benefits and risks. Active therapies could have additional placebo and/or nocebo effects.

Placebo and Nocebo in Cardiovascular Health: Implications for Healthcare, Research, and the Doctor-Patient Relationship - ScienceDirect

A nocebo effect represents harm perceived by a patient or identified by a practitioner arising solely from the appearance that treatment has been delivered. Healthy individuals have adverse effects to a blinded sham 15% to 27% of the time (36). Adverse events have been reported spontaneously with a placebo in 109 double-blind, placebo-controlled studies of 1,228 volunteers. Repeat dosing increases nocebo effects to 28%; old age is associated with a 26% nocebo response (37, 38). If patients are specifically asked about adverse effects, the percent can rise to 71% (37, 39). The nocebo effect might lead to secondary gain, disability, or even death (38, 39). Women report nocebo responses to therapy more than men do, but any impact of practitioner gender, culture, or other perceived biases on the nocebo response is unclear.