the hard-to-read presentation does not lead to higher performance. The original paper reached its conclusions based on the test scores of 40 people. In our paper, we analyze a total of over 7,000 people by looking at the original study and 16 additional studies. Our summary: Easy-to-read average score: 1.43/3  (17 studies, 3,657 people)    Hard-to-read average score: 1.42/3  (17 studies, 3,710 people) Malcolm Gladwell wrote, “Do you know the easiest way to raise people’s scores on the test? Make it just a little bit harder.” The data suggest that Malcolm Gladwell’s statement is false. Here is the key figure from our paper with my annotations in red: - www.terryburnham.com